The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the demand for density: Evidence from the U.S. housing market.

We study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the location demand for housing. We find that the pandemic has led to a shift in housing demand away from neighborhoods with high population density. The reduced demand for density is driven partially by the diminished need for living close to telework-compatible jobs and the declining value of access to consumption amenities. Neighborhoods with high pre-COVID-19 home values also see a greater drop in housing demand. Moreover, we find a significant shift in housing demand away from large cities, though the magnitude is smaller.

Occurrence and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) against COVID-19 in lakes and WWTP-river-estuary system in Wuhan, China.

The consumption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) for controlling and preventing the COVID-19 would have sharply increased during the pandemic. To evaluate their post-pandemic environmental impacts, five categories of drugs were detected in lakes and WWTP-river-estuary system near hospitals of Jinyintan, Huoshenshan and Leishenshan in the three regions (J, H and L) (Regions J, H and L) in Wuhan, China. The total amount of PPCPs (ranging from 2.61 to 1122 ng/L in water and 0.11 to 164 ng/g dry weight in sediments) were comparable to historical reports in Yangtze River basin, whereas the detection frequency and concentrations of ribavirin and azithromycin were higher than those of historical studies. The distribution of concerned drugs varied with space, season, media and water types: sampling sites located at WWTPs-river-estuary system around two hospitals (Regions L and J) usually had relatively high waterborne contamination levels, most of which declined in autumn; lakes had relatively low waterborne contamination levels in summer but increased in autumn. The potential risks of detected PPCPs were further evaluated using the multiple-level ecological risk assessment (MLERA): sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin were found to pose potential risks to aquatic organisms according to a semi-probabilistic approach and classified as priority pollutants based on an optimized risk assessment. In general, the COVID-19 pandemic did not cause serious pollution in lakes and WWTPs-river-estuary system in Wuhan City. However, the increased occurrence of certain drugs and their potential ecological risks need further attention. A strict source control policy and an advanced monitoring and risk warning system for emergency response and long-term risk control of PPCPs is urgent.